International Association for Cryptologic Research

International Association
for Cryptologic Research

Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Volume 2022

A Fast Large-Integer Extended GCD Algorithm and Hardware Design for Verifiable Delay Functions and Modular Inversion


Kavya Sreedhar
Stanford University

Mark Horowitz
Stanford University

Christopher Torng
Stanford University


Keywords: Extended GCD, ASIC, Verifiable Delay Function, Class Groups, Squaring Binary Quadratic Forms, Constant-time, Modular Inversion, Curve25519


Abstract

The extended GCD (XGCD) calculation, which computes Bézout coefficients ba, bb such that baa0 + bbb0 = GCD(a0, b0), is a critical operation in many cryptographic applications. In particular, large-integer XGCD is computationally dominant for two applications of increasing interest: verifiable delay functions that square binary quadratic forms within a class group and constant-time modular inversion for elliptic curve cryptography. Most prior work has focused on fast software implementations. The few works investigating hardware acceleration build on variants of Euclid’s division-based algorithm, following the approach used in optimized software. We show that adopting variants of Stein’s subtraction-based algorithm instead leads to significantly faster hardware. We quantify this advantage by performing a large-integer XGCD accelerator design space exploration comparing Euclid- and Stein-based algorithms for various application requirements. This exploration leads us to an XGCD hardware accelerator that is flexible and efficient, supports fast average and constant-time evaluation, and is easily extensible for polynomial GCD. Our 16nm ASIC design calculates 1024-bit XGCD in 294ns (8x faster than the state-of-the-art ASIC) and constant-time 255-bit XGCD for inverses in the field of integers modulo the prime 2255−19 in 85ns (31× faster than state-of-the-art software). We believe our design is the first high-performance ASIC for the XGCD computation that is also capable of constant-time evaluation. Our work is publicly available at https://github.com/kavyasreedhar/sreedhar-xgcd-hardware-ches2022.

Publication

Transactions of Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, Volume 2022, Issue 4

Paper

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Artifact number
tches/2022/a24

Artifact published
November 6, 2022

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BibTeX How to cite

Sreedhar, K., Horowitz, M., & Torng, C. (2022). A Fast Large-Integer Extended GCD Algorithm and Hardware Design for Verifiable Delay Functions and Modular Inversion. IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2022(4), 163–187. https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.163-187